GCSE · Chapter 2
Reading fiction: structure and evaluation
By the end of this chapter you will be able to
- I can explain how the order of paragraphs shapes the reader's interest.
- I can name a shift from wide to close, or from past to present, and say what it does.
- I can explain how an opening and a closing image frame a story.
- I can trace a repeated image through the whole text and explain its effect.
- I can agree or disagree with a statement, giving a balanced judgement with evidence.
You should already know
- Retrieval and language features (Chapter 1)
- Point, evidence and effect (Chapter 1)
Where this leads
- Reading non-fiction (Chapter 3)
- Mock exam Paper 1 (Chapter 12)
GCSE English Language. Content follows the GCSE (9-1) subject content for England (Edexcel and AQA). Content references: Analyse how a writer structures a text: order of events, shifts in focus from wide to close and back, changes in time (AO2), Identify and explain opening and closing images, cliffhangers and turns (AO2), Identify a repeated image and explain its effect across the whole text (AO2), Make a clear judgement about a statement, supported by evidence from the whole text (AO4), Plan an evaluation with a judgement, paragraphs and a balanced view (AO4).
Exercise P Do you remember?
1
FWhat is a flashback? Write the answer in one short phrase.
a scene from an earlier time
Method. A flashback goes back to an earlier time in the story.
- Think about the word. Flash back means to go back to a past moment.go back to a past moment
- Write it as a phrase. A scene from an earlier time is a flashback.a scene from an earlier time
- Write the answer. a scene from an earlier time
Check. A flashback is a scene from the past. ✓
2
FWhat is a cliffhanger? Write the answer in one short phrase.
an ending that leaves the reader wanting to know more
Method. A cliffhanger ends at a moment of suspense.
- Think about the ending. A cliffhanger leaves something unresolved.something unresolved
- Write it as a phrase. The reader is left wanting to know what happens next.an ending that leaves the reader wanting to know more
- Write the answer. an ending that leaves the reader wanting to know more
Check. Suspense makes readers want to know more. ✓
3
FWhat is a motif? Write the answer in one short phrase.
an image or idea that is repeated
Method. A motif is something repeated across a text.
- Think about repetition. A motif returns again and again.returns again and again
- Write it as a phrase. A repeated image or idea is a motif.an image or idea that is repeated
- Write the answer. an image or idea that is repeated
Check. A repeated image is a motif. ✓
4
FIn which tense is most of a story written? Write one word: past, present or future.
past
Method. Most stories are told in the past tense.
- Look at the verbs. Verbs such as walked, said and waited are past tense.walked, said, waited
- Name the tense. Most stories are in the past.past
- Write the answer. past
Check. Past tense verbs end in -ed or are irregular. ✓
5
FWhat does the phrase "to what extent" ask you to do? Write one short phrase.
say how far something is true
Method. To what extent asks how far a statement is true.
- Read the phrase. It asks you to judge how much a statement holds.judge how much
- Write it as a phrase. Saying how far a statement is true answers the question.say how far something is true
- Write the answer. say how far something is true
Check. The answer is a judgement with a degree, not just yes or no. ✓
2.1
Structure: the order of events
Video lesson: Structure: the order of eventsComing soon
Context. Question 3 asks how the writer structures the text. Structure means the order of events and paragraphs: what the writer shows first, what comes next, and where the reader is left at the end. Read Text B first.
Text B: The last train to Hadley (original fiction extract, seven paragraphs)
1At half past eleven the station was empty except for the clock. It hung above platform two, its hands stuck at the same minute for as long as anyone could remember, and the paint around its face had begun to flake.
2Beyond the glass, the valley lay under a skin of fog. Lights from the farms came on and went off again, one by one, as if somebody was counting them. Then the wind pushed a sheet of newspaper across the concrete, and a woman stepped out from under the shelter.
3Ellen was thirty-four and had not been back in eleven years. Her coat was thin for November. She held a single envelope in one hand, and she had read the letter inside so many times that its folds had gone soft.
4The letter had been short. Your father is poorly, it said. He asks for you, though he will not say so. There was no signature, only her mother's neat, slanted handwriting, the same handwriting that had once written Ellen's name on every school book she owned.
5The train was late. Ellen sat on the bench and watched the clock, which still said twenty to twelve. She tried to remember whether it had always been wrong. She thought it had.
6When the doors finally opened, nobody stepped down. Ellen stood with her bag heavy on her shoulder and looked into the carriage. One seat was occupied. A man in a grey coat sat with his head turned to the window, and he did not move when she called out his name.
7The clock above the platform clicked forward one minute. Ellen did not look at it. She was looking at the man, who was looking back at her from the glass, although the window was empty.
Key ideas
- Structure is the order in which the writer presents events and paragraphs.
- Each paragraph has a job: scene-setting, a memory, a turn, or an ending.
- Name the paragraph, say what happens in it, then say what that does for the reader.
Worked example 2.1.1
Which paragraph introduces Ellen? Give the paragraph number.
Method. Find the paragraph that first names Ellen.
- Find the name. Paragraph 3 begins with Ellen's name.Ellen was thirty-four
- Check the earlier paragraphs. Paragraphs 1 and 2 describe the station and valley, but not Ellen as a person.the station was empty
- Give the number. Ellen is introduced in paragraph 3.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Paragraph 3 is the first time Ellen is described. ✓
Worked example 2.1.2
Which order moves from the widest view to the closest view? Choose one: the station, then the valley, then Ellen, Ellen, then the station, then the valley or the valley, then the clock, then the letter.
Method. Test each choice against the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The text starts with the station, then the valley, then the woman who steps out.the station, then the valley, then Ellen fits
- Reject the other choices. Starting with Ellen would miss the wide view that opens the text.Ellen, then the station, then the valley and the valley, then the clock, then the letter do not fit
- Write the answer. the station, then the valley, then Ellen
Check. The choice fits the text. ✓
Worked example 2.1.3
Explain how the wide-to-close order of paragraphs 1 to 3 interests the reader.
Method. Describe the order and then say what it does.
- Describe the order. The station is shown first, then the valley, then Ellen.station, valley, Ellen
- Explain the effect. Moving closer lets the reader see the scene and then the character who is waiting.closer
- Give the effect in one sentence. The reader is drawn gently from place to person.it draws the reader in gradually from place to person
- Write the answer. it draws the reader in gradually from place to person
Check. The order is explained with its effect. ✓
Exercise 2A Practice: the order of events
1
FWhich paragraph describes the valley? Write the number.
2
Method. Find the valley in the text.
- Find the valley. The valley is in the paragraph with the fog.Beyond the glass, the valley lay under a skin of fog
- Give the number. The valley is in paragraph 2.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. Paragraph 2 describes the valley. ✓
2
FWhich paragraph introduces Ellen's memory of the letter? Write the number.
4
Method. Find the letter in the text.
- Find the letter. The letter is described in paragraph 4.The letter had been short.
- Give the number. The letter is in paragraph 4.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Paragraph 4 contains the letter. ✓
3
FWhich paragraph describes the train arriving? Write the number.
6
Method. Find the doors opening.
- Find the doors. The doors open in paragraph 6.When the doors finally opened
- Give the number. The train arrives in paragraph 6.6
- Write the answer. 6
Check. Paragraph 6 has the doors opening. ✓
4
FHow many paragraphs does the text have? Write the number.
7
Method. Count the paragraphs.
- Count. Each paragraph in the box is numbered.1 to 7
- Write the answer. 7
Check. The box has seven paragraphs. ✓
5
FWhich paragraph describes the coat Ellen wears? Write the number.
3
Method. Find the description of the coat.
- Find the coat. Paragraph 3 says her coat was thin for November.Her coat was thin for November
- Give the number. The coat is described in paragraph 3.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Paragraph 3 describes the coat. ✓
6
FWhich object is mentioned in the very first sentence? Write one word.
clock
Method. Read the first sentence.
- Read the sentence. The first sentence says the station was empty except for the clock.empty except for the clock
- Give the word. The object is the clock.clock
- Write the answer. clock
Check. The clock is in the first sentence. ✓
7
FTrue or false: the text moves from a wide view of the station to a close view of Ellen. Write true or false.
true
Method. Compare the first and third paragraphs.
- Compare. Paragraph 1 is wide, paragraph 3 is close on Ellen.Ellen was thirty-four
- Decide. The view narrows from the station to one woman.true
- Write the answer. true
Check. The view moves from wide to close. ✓
8
RExplain in one sentence why the text starts with the empty station rather than with Ellen.
Accept any answer that explains that the opening sets a mood or a setting before the character is introduced. For example: It sets a lonely, waiting mood before the reader meets Ellen.
Method. Think about what the first image does for the reader.
- Think about the first image. An empty station suggests waiting and loneliness.empty except for the clock
- Give the effect. The reader feels the mood before meeting Ellen.It sets a lonely, waiting mood
- Write the answer. It sets a lonely, waiting mood before the reader meets Ellen.
Check. The opening sets the scene. ✓
9
PSWhich paragraph shows Ellen waiting on the bench? Write the number.
5
Method. Find the bench.
- Find the bench. Ellen sits on the bench and watches the clock.Ellen sat on the bench
- Give the number. Paragraph 5 shows her waiting.5
- Write the answer. 5
Check. Paragraph 5 has the bench and the wait. ✓
10
PSExplain what the order of paragraphs 4 and 5 does. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that paragraph 4 gives the memory and paragraph 5 returns to the present wait, linking past and present. For example: The memory of the letter in paragraph 4 is followed by the present wait in paragraph 5, which links the past to the present.
Method. Think about what comes before and after.
- Name the order. Paragraph 4 is a memory, then paragraph 5 returns to the present.a memory, then the present
- Explain the effect. The past and present are linked.linked
- Write the answer. The memory of the letter in paragraph 4 is followed by the present wait in paragraph 5, which links the past to the present.
Check. The order links past and present. ✓
11
RPut these in order as they appear in the text: the woman steps out, the train arrives, the letter is remembered. Write the first event only.
the woman steps out
Method. Read the paragraphs in order.
- Look at paragraph 2. The woman steps out in paragraph 2.a woman stepped out from under the shelter
- Give the first event. The woman steps out before the letter in paragraph 4.the woman steps out
- Write the answer. the woman steps out
Check. Paragraph 2 comes before paragraph 4. ✓
2.2
Opening and closing images
Video lesson: Opening and closing imagesComing soon
Context. Writers often open with a striking image and close with one that makes the reader think. A closing image may be a cliffhanger, a turn, or an ending that stays open. Ask: what does the first image set up, and what does the last image leave unresolved?
Key ideas
- An opening image sets the mood and the setting.
- A closing image can frame the text by echoing the opening, or leave the reader with a question.
- A cliffhanger ends at a moment of suspense, so the reader wants to know what happens next.
Worked example 2.2.1
What does the clock at the end of the text do? Give one idea.
Method. Look at the final image and link it to the opening.
- Find the image. The clock clicks forward one minute at the end.clicked forward one minute
- Link to the opening. The clock was stuck at the start, so the change is significant.stuck at the same minute
- Give the idea. Time moves on at the end, but the situation is unresolved.it shows time moving on, but Ellen is still stuck
- Write the answer. it shows time moving on, but Ellen is still stuck
Check. The clock links the opening and the close. ✓
Worked example 2.2.2
Which kind of ending does the last paragraph create? Choose one: a happy resolution, an open ending that leaves a question or a flashback.
Method. Test each choice against the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The man is looking back from the glass, and the window is empty, so the reader cannot be sure what is real.an open ending that leaves a question fits
- Reject the other choices. A happy resolution would tell us what happens, and a flashback would go back in time, which the last paragraph does not do.a happy resolution and a flashback do not fit
- Write the answer. an open ending that leaves a question
Check. The choice fits the text. ✓
Worked example 2.2.3
Explain the effect of "although the window was empty" in the final sentence.
Method. Read the phrase and say what it adds to the ending.
- Read the phrase. The window is empty, yet the man seems to look back.although the window was empty
- Explain the contrast. The writer sets up a contradiction that the reader cannot settle.contradiction
- Give the effect. The reader is left uncertain whether the man is real.it makes the reader uncertain whether the man is real
- Write the answer. it makes the reader uncertain whether the man is real
Check. The contrast creates uncertainty. ✓
Exercise 2B Practice: opening and closing images
1
FWhich phrase from the opening paragraph suggests that the station is lonely? Copy the words.
empty except for the clock
Method. Find the words that describe the station in the first sentence.
- Find the phrase. The station is described as empty.empty except for the clock
- Copy the words. The phrase that suggests loneliness is copied exactly.empty except for the clock
- Write the answer. empty except for the clock
Check. The phrase is copied exactly. ✓
2
FWhich kind of ending does the text have? Write one word: cliffhanger, resolution or flashback.
cliffhanger
Method. Look at the final paragraph.
- Look at the ending. The man is looking back from an empty window, and the ending is unresolved.although the window was empty
- Name the ending. An unresolved moment of suspense is a cliffhanger.cliffhanger
- Write the answer. cliffhanger
Check. The ending is unresolved. ✓
3
RExplain how the final paragraph leaves the reader uncertain. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that the reader cannot be sure what is real, with reference to the man and the empty window. For example: It leaves the reader unsure whether the man is real, because he looks back from an empty window.
Method. Name the detail that creates uncertainty.
- Find the detail. The man is looking back from the glass, but the window is empty.the window was empty
- Explain the uncertainty. The reader cannot decide what is real.cannot decide what is real
- Write the answer. It leaves the reader unsure whether the man is real, because he looks back from an empty window.
Check. The detail creates uncertainty. ✓
4
FWhich paragraph is the closing image? Write the number.
7
Method. Find the last paragraph.
- Find the last paragraph. The final paragraph is the closing image.The clock above the platform clicked forward one minute.
- Give the number. The closing image is in paragraph 7.7
- Write the answer. 7
Check. Paragraph 7 closes the text. ✓
5
PSWhich image opens the text and then returns in paragraph 5? Write one word.
clock
Method. Find the image that is repeated.
- Find the repeat. The clock is in paragraph 1 and returns in paragraph 5.twenty to twelve
- Give the word. The image that returns is the clock.clock
- Write the answer. clock
Check. The clock returns. ✓
6
PSExplain why the opening image of an empty station is useful for a story about waiting. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that the empty station sets up waiting and loneliness for the story. For example: It shows the reader that the setting is lonely and that someone is waiting for something.
Method. Think about what waiting in an empty place feels like.
- Think about the setting. An empty station suggests waiting.empty except for the clock
- Link to the story. Ellen waits for a train and a person.Ellen sat on the bench
- Write the answer. It shows the reader that the setting is lonely and that someone is waiting for something.
Check. The opening matches the story's waiting. ✓
7
RWhich phrase in paragraph 6 creates suspense about the man? Copy the phrase.
nobody stepped down
Method. Find the phrase that builds suspense.
- Find the suspense. Nobody stepping down builds suspense about who is on the train.nobody stepped down
- Copy the phrase. Copy the phrase exactly.nobody stepped down
- Write the answer. nobody stepped down
Check. The phrase builds suspense. ✓
8
RExplain what the final sentence "Ellen did not look at it" suggests. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that Ellen ignores the clock to focus on the man, so the reader follows her attention. For example: It suggests Ellen is focused on the man, so the reader is drawn to him rather than the clock.
Method. Think about what Ellen chooses to look at.
- Read the sentence. Ellen does not look at the clock.Ellen did not look at it
- Explain the focus. She looks at the man instead.She was looking at the man
- Write the answer. It suggests Ellen is focused on the man, so the reader is drawn to him rather than the clock.
Check. Her focus draws the reader. ✓
9
RTrue or false: the story ends with a clear answer about who is on the train. Write true or false.
false
Method. Check what the last paragraph tells us.
- Check the ending. The last paragraph leaves the man unexplained.although the window was empty
- Decide. No clear answer is given.false
- Write the answer. false
Check. The ending does not give a clear answer. ✓
10
PSWrite a sentence that explains how the writer creates a cliffhanger at the end of paragraph 6.
Accept any answer that explains that the man does not move when called, which leaves the reader wanting to know more. For example: The man does not move when Ellen calls his name, so the reader wants to know who he is.
Method. Look at what happens when Ellen calls out.
- Find the moment. Ellen calls out his name and he does not move.he did not move when she called out his name
- Explain the suspense. The reader wants to know why he does not respond.wants to know why
- Write the answer. The man does not move when Ellen calls his name, so the reader wants to know who he is.
Check. The moment of suspense is clear. ✓
11
RWhat is the effect of ending with a question rather than an answer? Write one word: suspense or summary.
suspense
Method. Think about what a question leaves the reader doing.
- Think about the reader. An unanswered question keeps the reader thinking.keeps the reader thinking
- Name the effect. The effect is suspense.suspense
- Write the answer. suspense
Check. Unanswered questions create suspense. ✓
12
RExplain how the closing image of the clock echoes the opening. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that the clock appears in both the first and last paragraphs, framing the text. For example: The clock is at the centre of both the opening and the close, so the story returns to the same place.
Method. Find the clock in the first and last paragraphs.
- Find the clock at the start. The clock is in paragraph 1.the clock
- Find the clock at the end. The clock returns in paragraph 7.The clock above the platform clicked forward
- Write the answer. The clock is at the centre of both the opening and the close, so the story returns to the same place.
Check. The clock frames the text. ✓
2.3
Shifts in time and viewpoint
Video lesson: Shifts in time and viewpointComing soon
Context. Writers move the reader in time. A flashback takes the reader back. The viewpoint, or whose eyes we see through, decides what the reader knows. Text B is written in the third person and stays close to Ellen.
Key ideas
- A flashback goes back in time to show something from the past.
- Third person means the narrator uses he, she or they; close third person stays with one character.
- Changing focus from distance to close-up can change what the reader knows.
Worked example 2.3.1
In which paragraph does the text move into the past? Give the number.
Method. Find the place where the time changes.
- Find the change. Paragraph 4 begins with a letter that was received earlier.The letter had been short.
- Check the tense. It uses had been, the past perfect, to show an earlier time.had been
- Give the number. The flashback is in paragraph 4.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. The past perfect signals the earlier time. ✓
Worked example 2.3.2
Whose thoughts does the reader know? Write one name.
Method. Look for the character's thoughts.
- Find thoughts. The text says what Ellen tries to remember.She tried to remember whether it had always been wrong.
- Find more thoughts. It also tells us what she thought.She thought it had.
- Give the name. The thoughts belong to Ellen.Ellen
- Write the answer. Ellen
Check. Ellen's thoughts are given. ✓
Worked example 2.3.3
What is the narrator's viewpoint in Text B? Choose one: first person, I, close third person, he or she or a list of facts.
Method. Test each choice against the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The narrator uses Ellen, she and he, and stays close to her thoughts.close third person, he or she fits
- Reject the other choices. First person would use I, and a list of facts would not describe thoughts or feelings.first person, I and a list of facts do not fit
- Write the answer. close third person, he or she
Check. The choice fits the text. ✓
Exercise 2C Practice: time and viewpoint
1
FIn which tense is most of Text B written? Write one word.
past
Method. Look at the verbs.
- Look at the verbs. The verbs are stood, sat, looked and said.stood
- Name the tense. These are past tense verbs.past
- Write the answer. past
Check. The verbs are past tense. ✓
2
FWhat time does the clock show in paragraph 5? Write the words.
twenty to twelve
Method. Find the time.
- Find the time. The clock is said to be twenty to twelve.which still said twenty to twelve
- Give the time. The time is twenty to twelve.twenty to twelve
- Write the answer. twenty to twelve
Check. The clock says twenty to twelve. ✓
3
FWhat time is the station empty at the start? Write the words.
half past eleven
Method. Find the first time in the text.
- Find the time. The first paragraph gives the time.At half past eleven
- Give the time. The first time is half past eleven.half past eleven
- Write the answer. half past eleven
Check. The first paragraph gives half past eleven. ✓
4
FWhich character's thoughts does the reader know most about? Write one name.
Ellen
Method. Think about whose thoughts are given.
- Find the thoughts. Ellen tries to remember and thinks.She tried to remember
- Give the name. Ellen is the focus.Ellen
- Write the answer. Ellen
Check. Ellen is the focus of the thoughts. ✓
5
PSWhich word in paragraph 4 signals that the time is earlier? Write one word.
had
Method. Look for a past perfect verb.
- Find the verb. Had been shows an earlier time than the present.The letter had been short
- Give the word. Had is the word that signals the earlier time.had
- Write the answer. had
Check. Had shows the earlier time. ✓
6
PSWhat does the flashback in paragraph 4 add to the reader's understanding of Ellen? Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that the flashback reveals the reason for her return, such as her father being ill. For example: It explains why Ellen has returned, because her father is ill.
Method. Think about what the letter tells the reader.
- Find the reason. The letter says the father is poorly.Your father is poorly
- Explain the effect. The reader understands why she has come.why she has come
- Write the answer. It explains why Ellen has returned, because her father is ill.
Check. The flashback explains her return. ✓
7
PSWhich paragraph is mostly about Ellen's past relationship with her mother? Write the number.
4
Method. Find the mother.
- Find the mother. The mother's handwriting is in paragraph 4.her mother's neat, slanted handwriting
- Give the number. Paragraph 4 is about the mother.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Paragraph 4 mentions the mother. ✓
8
RExplain why the writer uses third person rather than first person. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that third person lets the reader see Ellen from the outside but still know some of her thoughts. For example: It lets the reader see Ellen from outside while still knowing her thoughts.
Method. Think about what the reader can see and know.
- Think about the reader. The reader sees her from outside.from outside
- Think about the thoughts. The narrator still gives her thoughts.her thoughts
- Write the answer. It lets the reader see Ellen from outside while still knowing her thoughts.
Check. Third person gives both view and thoughts. ✓
9
RTrue or false: the final paragraph is written from the viewpoint of Ellen. Write true or false.
true
Method. Check whose eyes we see through.
- Find the viewpoint. The final paragraph says Ellen did not look at it.Ellen did not look at it
- Decide. The reader sees through Ellen's eyes to the end.true
- Write the answer. true
Check. The final paragraph stays with Ellen. ✓
10
PSExplain the effect of the shift from the station to the valley in paragraph 2. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that the shift widens the view to show distance and quiet. For example: It widens the view and creates a sense of distance and quiet, which suits the lonely setting.
Method. Look at how the view changes.
- Find the shift. The view moves from the station to the valley.the valley lay under a skin of fog
- Explain the effect. The distance and quiet suit the lonely setting.distance and quiet
- Write the answer. It widens the view and creates a sense of distance and quiet, which suits the lonely setting.
Check. The shift widens the view. ✓
11
RWhich paragraph returns to the present after the memory of the letter? Write the number.
5
Method. Look for the paragraph that comes straight after the flashback.
- Look at paragraph 5. The paragraph returns to the present with the train being late.The train was late
- Give the number. The return to the present is in paragraph 5.5
- Write the answer. 5
Check. Paragraph 5 returns to the present. ✓
2.4
Repeated images across the text
Video lesson: Repeated images across the textComing soon
Context. A motif is an image or idea that comes back. Writers repeat images to link parts of the text and to build a mood. When you find a motif, trace it through every paragraph where it appears.
Key ideas
- A motif is a repeated image or idea.
- To trace a motif, list the paragraphs where it appears.
- Explain what the repetition makes the reader notice.
Worked example 2.4.1
In which paragraphs does the clock appear? Give the numbers.
Method. Search the text for the clock and note the paragraph numbers.
- Search. The clock is mentioned in the first paragraph.the clock
- Search again. It is mentioned in paragraph 5 and in paragraph 7.twenty to twelve; clicked forward
- List the numbers. The clock appears in paragraphs 1, 5 and 7.1, 5 and 7
- Write the answer. 1, 5 and 7
Check. The clock is traced through three paragraphs. ✓
Worked example 2.4.2
What does the repeated clock suggest? Choose one: time has stopped for Ellen and she is stuck in the past, the station is very busy or Ellen is late for a meeting.
Method. Test each choice against the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The clock is stuck at the start, and Ellen is stuck waiting for the past to be resolved.time has stopped for Ellen and she is stuck in the past fits
- Reject the other choices. A busy station is not described, and no meeting is mentioned in the text.the station is very busy and Ellen is late for a meeting do not fit
- Write the answer. time has stopped for Ellen and she is stuck in the past
Check. The choice fits the text. ✓
Worked example 2.4.3
What does the fog in paragraph 2 suggest? Give one idea.
Method. Think about what fog does to the view.
- Find the fog. The valley lies under a skin of fog.a skin of fog
- Think about the effect. Fog hides things and makes them unclear.hides things
- Give the idea. The fog suggests uncertainty and mystery.uncertainty and mystery
- Write the answer. uncertainty and mystery
Check. Fog hides things and suggests mystery. ✓
Exercise 2D Practice: repeated images
1
FWhich paragraph has the clock stuck at a time? Write the number.
1
Method. Find the stuck clock.
- Find the clock. The clock is stuck at the same minute in paragraph 1.its hands stuck at the same minute
- Give the number. Paragraph 1 has the stuck clock.1
- Write the answer. 1
Check. Paragraph 1 has the stuck clock. ✓
2
PSIn which paragraph does Ellen wonder whether the clock has always been wrong? Write the number.
5
Method. Find the clock that is wrong.
- Find the clock. Ellen wonders whether the clock was wrong.She tried to remember whether it had always been wrong.
- Give the number. The question about the clock is in paragraph 5.5
- Write the answer. 5
Check. Paragraph 5 has the question about the clock. ✓
3
FWhich word in paragraph 1 describes the clock's hands as motionless? Write one word.
stuck
Method. Find the word about the hands.
- Find the word. The hands are stuck at the same minute.stuck at the same minute
- Give the word. Stuck suggests the hands do not move.stuck
- Write the answer. stuck
Check. Stuck means it is not moving. ✓
4
RExplain why the clock stuck at one minute might suit a story about a woman who has returned to the past. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that a stuck clock suggests frozen time, matching Ellen returning to an unresolved past. For example: A stuck clock suggests that time has stopped for Ellen and her past has not moved on.
Method. Link the image to the story.
- Think about the image. A stuck clock shows time not moving.stuck
- Link to the story. Ellen's past has not moved on.not moved on
- Write the answer. A stuck clock suggests that time has stopped for Ellen and her past has not moved on.
Check. The image matches the story. ✓
5
PSWhich paragraph has the phrase "as if somebody was counting them"? Write the number.
2
Method. Find the phrase.
- Find the phrase. It describes the lights from the farms.as if somebody was counting them
- Give the number. The phrase is in paragraph 2.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. Paragraph 2 has the counting. ✓
6
RWhat does the phrase "as if somebody was counting them" suggest about the valley? Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that the lights seem watched or controlled, which adds mystery or unease. For example: It suggests that someone is watching the valley, which adds a sense of mystery.
Method. Think about what counting suggests.
- Think about counting. Counting is something a watcher does.counting
- Give the idea. The valley seems watched, which adds mystery.a sense of mystery
- Write the answer. It suggests that someone is watching the valley, which adds a sense of mystery.
Check. Counting suggests a watcher. ✓
7
PSWhich word from paragraph 3 suggests the letter has been read many times? Write one word.
soft
Method. Find the description of the letter.
- Find the description. The folds of the letter are soft from reading.its folds had gone soft
- Give the word. Soft suggests it has been handled many times.soft
- Write the answer. soft
Check. Soft shows repeated handling. ✓
8
FWhich paragraph shows the letter and the handwriting together? Give one paragraph number and one phrase.
Accept any answer that gives paragraph 4 and quotes a phrase about the handwriting or the letter. For example: Paragraph 4, with the phrase "her mother's neat, slanted handwriting".
Method. Find the paragraph with both the letter and the handwriting.
- Find the paragraph. Paragraph 4 mentions the letter and the handwriting.the letter
- Quote the phrase. The phrase is about the handwriting.her mother's neat, slanted handwriting
- Write the answer. Paragraph 4, with the phrase "her mother's neat, slanted handwriting".
Check. Paragraph 4 links the letter and handwriting. ✓
9
PSWhich image do the first and last paragraphs share? Write one word.
clock
Method. Compare the first and last paragraphs.
- Compare. The clock is in paragraphs 1 and 7.The clock above the platform
- Give the word. The shared image is the clock.clock
- Write the answer. clock
Check. The clock frames the text. ✓
10
RExplain how a repeated image helps structure a text. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that repetition links parts of the text and gives the reader a sense of unity or return. For example: It links the start and the end, so the reader sees how the story has come full circle.
Method. Think about what repetition does across a text.
- Think about links. Repeated images connect different parts of the text.connect
- Explain the effect. The story seems to return to the same place.full circle
- Write the answer. It links the start and the end, so the reader sees how the story has come full circle.
Check. Repetition links the whole. ✓
2.5
Evaluation: making a judgement
Video lesson: Evaluation: making a judgementComing soon
Context. Question 4 gives you a statement and asks how far you agree. You need a clear view, reasons, and evidence from the whole text. A balanced answer may agree in part, and it should say which part it agrees with and why.
Key ideas
- A judgement says clearly what you think, for example agree, partly agree or disagree.
- Support each view with evidence from different parts of the text.
- A balanced answer considers the other side and says why your view is stronger.
Worked example 2.5.1
Which is the clearest judgement about the statement "The ending is unsettling"? Choose one: I agree, because the last paragraph leaves a question about the man., The story is long. or Ellen is called Ellen..
Method. Test each choice against the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. It states a view and gives a reason from the text.I agree, because the last paragraph leaves a question about the man. fits
- Reject the other choices. Length and names do not answer the statement about the ending.The story is long. and Ellen is called Ellen. do not fit
- Write the answer. I agree, because the last paragraph leaves a question about the man.
Check. The choice fits the text. ✓
Worked example 2.5.2
Write a judgement about the statement "the story is mainly about the past". Give one judgement word.
Method. Decide how far the story is about the past.
- Weigh the past. The memory of the letter is important, but the story is mostly set in the present.The train was late
- Make the judgement. The story is partly about the past, but mostly about the present wait.partly
- Write the answer. partly
Check. The judgement is supported by the structure. ✓
Worked example 2.5.3
Give one reason that supports "the ending is unsettling". Quote one phrase.
Method. Choose a phrase from the ending that supports the statement.
- Find a phrase. The final sentence describes an empty window.although the window was empty
- Explain why it supports the view. An empty window with a man looking back is unsettling.unsettling
- Write the answer. although the window was empty
Check. The phrase is from the ending. ✓
Exercise 2E Practice: making a judgement
1
RWrite one judgement sentence that agrees with the statement "The ending is unsettling". Start with I agree or I partly agree.
Accept any answer that states a clear judgement (agree or partly agree) and gives one reason about the ending. For example: I agree, because the man looks back from an empty window and the reader is left uncertain.
Method. Give the judgement and the reason in one sentence.
- Choose the judgement. Agreeing is supported by the final sentence.I agree
- Give the reason. The empty window makes the reader uncertain.uncertain
- Write the answer. I agree, because the man looks back from an empty window and the reader is left uncertain.
Check. The judgement is clear and supported. ✓
2
RWhich judgement is balanced? Write the word: agree, disagree or partly.
partly
Method. A balanced judgement sees both sides.
- Look at the options. Agree or disagree alone does not show both sides.agree, disagree
- Choose. Partly agreeing sees both sides of the statement.partly
- Write the answer. partly
Check. Partly shows both sides. ✓
3
RGive one reason against the statement "The ending is unsettling". Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that gives a reason against the statement, for example that the ending is partly clear about Ellen waiting. For example: The ending is clear that Ellen is waiting, so it is not completely unsettling.
Method. Think about the other side of the statement.
- Look for the other side. Ellen is clearly waiting, which is not unsettling.Ellen did not look at it
- Give the reason. So the ending is partly clear.partly clear
- Write the answer. The ending is clear that Ellen is waiting, so it is not completely unsettling.
Check. The other side is shown. ✓
4
PSWhich phrase is the best evidence that Ellen is focused on the man? Copy the phrase.
Ellen did not look at it
Method. Choose the phrase that shows her focus.
- Compare the phrases. The phrase shows she does not look at the clock.Ellen did not look at it
- Copy the phrase. This phrase is the strongest evidence.Ellen did not look at it
- Write the answer. Ellen did not look at it
Check. This is the best evidence. ✓
5
PSWrite a topic sentence for an evaluation paragraph about the ending. One sentence.
Accept any answer that makes a clear point about the ending and its effect, in one sentence. For example: The ending of the text is effective because it leaves the reader uncertain about the man.
Method. Start with the point you want to make.
- Choose the point. The ending is effective in its uncertainty.effective
- Write the sentence. A topic sentence states the point clearly.uncertain about the man
- Write the answer. The ending of the text is effective because it leaves the reader uncertain about the man.
Check. The topic sentence is a clear point. ✓
6
RWhat should an evaluation paragraph end with? Write one word: evidence, judgement or title.
judgement
Method. Think about how a paragraph ends.
- Think about the end. A judgement says how far you agree, so it closes the paragraph.how far you agree
- Name the ending. The paragraph ends with the judgement.judgement
- Write the answer. judgement
Check. The judgement closes the paragraph. ✓
7
RExplain why you should use evidence from the whole text, not just one paragraph, for a statement about the whole story. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that a statement about the whole text needs evidence from across the text. For example: The statement is about the whole text, so evidence from different paragraphs makes the judgement stronger.
Method. Think about the scope of the question.
- Look at the scope. The statement is about the whole story.the whole story
- Explain the need. Evidence from one paragraph is too narrow.too narrow
- Write the answer. The statement is about the whole text, so evidence from different paragraphs makes the judgement stronger.
Check. The judgement needs whole-text evidence. ✓
8
RWhich of these judgements gives no reason? Write the words: "I agree completely." or "I disagree, because the ending is clear."
I agree completely
Method. Decide which judgement has a reason attached.
- Check each. The second judgement gives a reason after the word because.because the ending is clear
- Choose. The first judgement gives no reason at all.I agree completely
- Write the answer. I agree completely
Check. A judgement with no reason is weak. ✓
Watch out. A weak judgement has no reasons. The word "completely" does not make it stronger.
9
RExplain why a balanced judgement is stronger than a one-sided one. Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that a balanced judgement shows consideration of both sides, which is stronger. For example: It shows the examiner that you have considered both sides and reached a reasoned view.
Method. Think about what the examiner wants to see.
- Think about balance. Balance shows the other side was considered.both sides
- Explain the strength. A reasoned view is more convincing.reasoned
- Write the answer. It shows the examiner that you have considered both sides and reached a reasoned view.
Check. Balance shows reasoning. ✓
10
RWrite a judgement for a challenge: to what extent does the story keep the reader guessing? Write one sentence.
Accept any answer that gives a judgement about how far the story keeps the reader guessing, with a reason from the text. For example: I agree that the story keeps the reader guessing, because the ending and the repeated clock are left open.
Method. Make a judgement, then support it with two details.
- Make the judgement. The story keeps the reader guessing to a large extent.to a large extent
- Support it. The ending and the clock are left unresolved.left open
- Write the answer. I agree that the story keeps the reader guessing, because the ending and the repeated clock are left open.
Check. The judgement is supported by two details. ✓
Chapter summary
| Skill | Method |
|---|---|
| Structure of events | Name the order of paragraphs, from wide to close, and say what the order does for the reader |
| Opening and closing images | Say what the opening sets up, and what the closing leaves unresolved or echoes |
| Time and viewpoint | Find a flashback or a shift, name the tense or viewpoint, and say what the reader knows |
| Repeated images | List the paragraphs where the image appears, then explain what the repetition does |
| Evaluation | Make a clear judgement, support it with evidence from the whole text, and consider the other side |
Can you…?
- I can explain how the order of paragraphs shapes the reader's interest
- I can identify a flashback, a shift in viewpoint, or a change in focus
- I can explain an opening and a closing image and the cliffhanger
- I can trace a repeated image through the whole text
- I can make a balanced judgement with evidence from across the text
Key terms
- structure
- the order in which a writer presents events and paragraphs
- flashback
- a scene that goes back to an earlier time
- cliffhanger
- an ending at a moment of suspense that leaves the reader wanting to know more
- motif
- an image or idea that is repeated across a text
- viewpoint
- whose eyes or thoughts the reader sees through
- close third person
- a narrator who uses he, she or they and stays close to one character
- judgement
- a clear view about how far a statement is true, supported by evidence
Exercise 2Z Check-up
1
Which paragraph introduces Ellen? Write the number.
3
Method. Find the first description of Ellen.
- Find the name. Paragraph 3 begins with Ellen.Ellen was thirty-four
- Give the number. Ellen is introduced in paragraph 3.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Paragraph 3 introduces Ellen. ✓
2
Which paragraph describes the valley? Write the number.
2
Method. Find the valley.
- Find the valley. The valley is in paragraph 2.Beyond the glass, the valley lay under a skin of fog
- Give the number. The valley is in paragraph 2.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. Paragraph 2 describes the valley. ✓
3
Which paragraph has the flashback? Write the number.
4
Method. Find the memory of the letter.
- Find the letter. The letter had been short is a memory.The letter had been short
- Give the number. The flashback is in paragraph 4.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Paragraph 4 is the memory. ✓
4
Which phrase in paragraph 5 shows the time? Copy the words.
twenty to twelve
Method. Find the time in paragraph 5.
- Find the time. The clock still says twenty to twelve.which still said twenty to twelve
- Copy the words. Copy the time exactly.twenty to twelve
- Write the answer. twenty to twelve
Check. The time is copied exactly. ✓
5
Which image appears in paragraphs 1, 5 and 7? Write one word.
clock
Method. Trace the repeated image.
- Trace it. The clock is in paragraphs 1, 5 and 7.clock
- Name it. The repeated image is the clock.clock
- Write the answer. clock
Check. The clock is repeated. ✓
6
What tense is most of Text B written in? Write one word.
past
Method. Look at the verbs.
- Look at the verbs. Stood, sat and looked are past tense.stood, sat, looked
- Name the tense. Most of the text is in the past tense.past
- Write the answer. past
Check. The verbs show the past. ✓
7
Which paragraph begins the closing image? Write the number.
7
Method. Find the last paragraph.
- Find the last paragraph. The final paragraph is the closing image.The clock above the platform clicked forward one minute
- Give the number. The closing image is in paragraph 7.7
- Write the answer. 7
Check. Paragraph 7 is the closing image. ✓
8
Explain the effect of the wide-to-close order in paragraphs 1 to 3. Write one sentence.
Accept any sentence that says the order draws the reader in gradually from place to person. For example: The reader is drawn gently from the station to Ellen.
Method. Describe the order, then its effect.
- Describe the order. The station, then the valley, then Ellen.station, valley, Ellen
- Give the effect. The reader is drawn gently from place to person.drawn gently from place to person
- Write the answer. The reader is drawn gently from the station to Ellen.
Check. The effect is linked to the order. ✓
9
Explain how the writer makes the ending unsettling. Use one phrase from paragraph 7.
Accept any answer that quotes a phrase from paragraph 7, such as "although the window was empty", and explains that the reader is left uncertain. For example: "although the window was empty" leaves the reader unsure whether the man is real.
Method. Quote one phrase, then explain the uncertainty.
- Quote. The phrase is from paragraph 7.although the window was empty
- Explain. The reader cannot be sure what is real.cannot be sure what is real
- Write the answer. "although the window was empty" leaves the reader unsure whether the man is real.
Check. The quotation and effect match. ✓
10
Give your judgement on the statement "Ellen is entirely in control of the situation". Start with I agree, I partly agree or I disagree.
Accept any judgement that disagrees or partly agrees, with a reason from the text such as "Nobody stepped down" or the ambiguous window. For example: I disagree, because Ellen cannot explain the figure on the train.
Method. Make a judgement and give one reason.
- Make the judgement. Ellen is not in control of what happens.not in control
- Give the reason. The man does not respond, and the window is empty.the window was empty
- Write the answer. I disagree, because Ellen cannot explain the figure on the train.
Check. The judgement uses the text. ✓
Total 28 marks. Allow about 28 minutes.
Exercise 2X Exam-style questions
1
FText: "The clock above the platform clicked forward one minute. Ellen did not look at it." Which image closes the text? Write one word.[1 mark]
clock
Method. Find the final image.
- Find the image. The clock clicks forward at the end.clicked forward one minute
- Name it. The closing image is the clock.clock
- Write the answer. clock
Check. The clock closes the text. ✓
2
FText: "The train was late. Ellen sat on the bench and watched the clock, which still said twenty to twelve." Copy the time shown on the clock.[1 mark]
twenty to twelve
Method. Find the time.
- Find the time. The clock says twenty to twelve.which still said twenty to twelve
- Copy it. Copy the words exactly.twenty to twelve
- Write the answer. twenty to twelve
Check. The time is copied exactly. ✓
3
RText: "The letter had been short. Your father is poorly, it said." In which tense is the verb "had been" and what does it show? Write one phrase.[2 marks]
past perfect, showing an earlier time
Method. Name the tense and what it does.
- Name the tense. Had been is the past perfect tense.had been
- Explain the effect. It shows the letter came before the present.an earlier time
- Write the answer. past perfect, showing an earlier time
Check. The tense signals an earlier time. ✓
4
RText: "Beyond the glass, the valley lay under a skin of fog." Explain what the fog suggests. Use your own words.[2 marks]
Accept any answer that says the fog hides things and suggests mystery, uncertainty or a lonely setting. For example: the fog hides the valley and suggests mystery.
Method. Think about what fog does to a view.
- Think about fog. Fog hides things from view.hides things
- Give the idea. It suggests mystery and uncertainty.mystery and uncertainty
- Write the answer. the fog hides the valley and suggests mystery.
Check. The idea is linked to fog. ✓
5
RText: "When the doors finally opened, nobody stepped down. Ellen stood with her bag heavy on her shoulder." Explain how the writer builds suspense here. Use one phrase.[3 marks]
Accept any answer that uses a phrase such as "nobody stepped down" and explains that the reader waits to learn who is on the train. For example: "Nobody stepped down" makes the reader wonder who is on the train.
Method. Quote, then explain the suspense.
- Quote. Nobody stepped down is the phrase.nobody stepped down
- Explain the suspense. The reader waits to learn who is on the train.wait to learn who is on the train
- Write the answer. "Nobody stepped down" makes the reader wonder who is on the train.
Check. The quotation and effect match. ✓
6
RText: "The letter had been short. Your father is poorly, it said. He asks for you, though he will not say so." Explain how the writer shows Ellen's father is important to her. Use one phrase from the text.[3 marks]
Accept any answer that quotes a phrase such as "He asks for you" and explains that the father is important to Ellen, or that his request matters. For example: "He asks for you" shows the father wants her, so he matters to her.
Method. Quote, then explain the importance.
- Quote. He asks for you, though he will not say so.He asks for you
- Explain. The father wants her back, so he matters to her.matters to her
- Write the answer. "He asks for you" shows the father wants her, so he matters to her.
Check. The quotation supports the point. ✓
7
RText: "A man in a grey coat sat with his head turned to the window, and he did not move when she called out his name." Explain how the writer creates a cliffhanger here. Use your own words.[3 marks]
Accept any answer that says Ellen calls out and gets no response, so the reader wants to know who the man is or why he does not move. For example: the man does not respond, so the reader wants to know why.
Method. Explain the moment of suspense.
- Find the moment. Ellen calls out and the man does not move.did not move when she called out his name
- Explain the suspense. The reader wants to know why he does not respond.why he does not respond
- Write the answer. the man does not respond, so the reader wants to know why.
Check. The moment and the suspense match. ✓
8
RText: "Ellen did not look at it. She was looking at the man, who was looking back at her from the glass." Explain the effect of the final sentence on the reader. Use your own words.[4 marks]
Accept any answer that says the reader is left uncertain whether the man is real, because he is looking back from an empty window. For example: the reader is unsure whether the man is real.
Method. Explain the effect of the ending.
- Read the sentence. The man looks back from the glass.looking back at her from the glass
- Explain the effect. The window is empty, so the reader cannot be sure he is real.cannot be sure he is real
- Write the answer. the reader is unsure whether the man is real.
Check. The effect is linked to the empty window. ✓
9
RText: "At half past eleven the station was empty except for the clock." and "The clock above the platform clicked forward one minute." Explain how the clock works as a repeated image across the text. Give two ideas.[4 marks]
Accept any answer that explains the clock frames the text, and that it suggests time moving on while Ellen is stuck. For example: the clock frames the text, and it shows time moving on while Ellen remains stuck.
Method. Name the repeated image, then explain two effects.
- Frame. The clock opens and closes the text.opens and closes
- Idea one. It shows time moving on at the end.time moving on
- Idea two. Ellen is still stuck, so the time has not resolved.still stuck
- Write the answer. the clock frames the text, and it shows time moving on while Ellen remains stuck.
Check. Two ideas are given. ✓
10
RText: "Ellen was thirty-four and had not been back in eleven years." Make a judgement on the statement "Ellen has been away from home for a long time". Agree or partly agree, and give one reason.[3 marks]
Accept any judgement that agrees or partly agrees, with the reason that she has not been back in eleven years. For example: I agree, because she has not been back in eleven years.
Method. Make a judgement, then give a reason from the text.
- Make the judgement. Eleven years is a long time to be away.agree
- Give the reason. The text says she has not been back in eleven years.eleven years
- Write the answer. I agree, because she has not been back in eleven years.
Check. The judgement is supported by the text. ✓
11
RText: "Her coat was thin for November. She held a single envelope in one hand." Explain what these details suggest about Ellen. Use your own words.[2 marks]
Accept any answer that says the details suggest Ellen is unprepared, cold or uneasy, or that she has come from far away. For example: the thin coat suggests she was not prepared for the cold.
Method. Read the details and say what they suggest.
- Read the detail. A thin coat in November is not warm enough.thin for November
- Give the idea. The thin coat suggests she was not prepared for the cold.not prepared
- Write the answer. the thin coat suggests she was not prepared for the cold.
Check. The idea is linked to the detail. ✓